While countless monuments are simply being ignored, others have become focal points for new commemorative rituals, and some of them objects of political or artistic interventions. A number of war memorials have suffered neglect and decay, yet many have been inventoried, and quite a few renovated. Yet overall, cases of old monuments being modified, or new ones built from scratch, have been at least as frequent. In both cases some monuments were relocated, while others were destroyed entirely. Following the upheaval of 1989/91, a wave of iconoclasm swept over this commemorative landscape, and a second wave has been rising since 2015. They range from simple grave markers through statues of heroes or tank monuments to colossal memorial complexes. From Hanover to Kamchatka, from Mudanjiang in Manchuria to Batina in Croatia, tens of thousands of monuments honour the soldiers of the Red Army who lost or risked their lives in the Second World War.
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